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The term that identifies to which network a virtual machine interface is connected is the virtual network ID (VNID). The VNID is a unique identifier assigned to each virtual network. It is used to differentiate between different virtual networks and to ensure that each virtual machine interface is connected to the correct network.

This technique allows multiple isolated user-space instances to be created by the host operating system.Unlike full virtualization, where the entire system's hardware is emulated, OS-level virtualization shares the host's operating system kernel but isolates the application processes12.

In Juniper Cloud-Native Contrail Networking (CN2), isolated namespaces are used to isolate a pod from other pods without explicitly configuring a network policy3.Pods in an isolated namespace can only communicate with pods in the same namespace3.They cannot reach pods or services in other isolated or non-isolated namespaces3.

MPLSoUDP (Multiprotocol Label Switching over User Datagram Protocol) and VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) are two protocols that provide tunneling in the overlay and support multipath capabilities45.MPLSoUDP is an encapsulation protocol that allows MPLS packets to be encapsulated in UDP packets.VXLAN is a network virtualization technology that attempts to address the scalability problems associated with large cloud computing deployments

Control groups (cgroups) is a Linux kernel feature that limits, accounts for, and isolates the CPU, memory, disk I/O, and network usage of one or more processes678. It allows you to allocate resources among userdefined groups of processes running on a system.You can monitor the groups of processes, deny the groups of processes access to certain resources, or even freeze groups of processes

The kubelet is a component of Kubernetes that runs on all nodes in the cluster and ensures that containers are running in a pod910.It takes a set of PodSpecs that are provided through various mechanisms and ensures that the containers described in those PodSpecs are running and healthy

Containers are lightweight because they don't need the extra load of a hypervisor, but run directly within the host machine's kernel1. This means they start up almost instantly and use less RAM.Images are constructed from layered filesystems and share common files, making disk usage and image downloads much more efficient1. Containers are isolated from each other and the host system.They have their own filesystem and networking, and can be constrained to not allow root access outside the container1.They run on top of a host operating system1.

In Kubernetes, a Pod is the smallest and simplest unit in the Kubernetes object model that you create or deploy23.A Pod represents processes running on your cluster23.A Service in Kubernetes is an abstraction which defines a logical set of Pods and a policy by which to access them23.

An overlay network is a virtual network that is built on top of another network.Nodes in the overlay network are connected by virtual or logical links, each of which corresponds to a path, perhaps through many physical links, in the underlying network45.For example, distributed systems such as peer-to-peer networks and client-server applications often overlay their own network connections over the physical network connections provided by the Internet

The LoadBalancer service type in Kubernetes exposes the service externally using a cloud provider's load balancer67.NodePort and ClusterIP services, to which the external load balancer routes, are automatically created